2015年7月23日

解放奴隸宣言 Mine by the Right of the White Election, Emily Dickinson

1862年六月美國聯邦國會廢止奴隸制度,經過一段時間討論後,林肯總統於九月發布宣言,次年一月正式提出《解放奴隸宣言》(Emancipation Proclamation),但黑奴的命運並未由此真正改變。艾蜜莉.狄金森的這首詩創作於1862年,敘述她對黑奴命運與解放奴隸的看法。

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Mine-by the Right of the White Election!
Mine-by the Royal Seal!
Mine-by the sign in the Scarlet prison-
Bars-cannot conceal!

Mine-here-in Vision-and in Veto!
Mine-by the Grave's Repeal-
Titled-Confirmed-
Delirious Charter!
Mine-long as Ages steal!
屬於我,由白人的選擇!
屬於我,由尊貴封印!
屬於我,由罪孽囚禁的烙印
牢欄無法封鎖!

屬於我,這裡否定的目光!
屬於我,由晦暗的撤銷
稱號,確立
錯亂的豁免!
屬於我,漫長溜走的歲月!
1862, F.0411, J.0528

「屬於我」(mine)有寶藏、源泉、毀損、暗中破壞的字義,在這首詩首字中重複六次,每處皆可以不同的字義取代,來得到多樣化的解讀,例如「原屬於我的生命源泉,由白人的選擇而得到」。

[1] 白人的選擇(white election)是這首詩的主要提示,也可譯為白人選舉權,延伸解釋為白人選出的政府所作的選擇或法律。
[2] 尊貴封印(royal seal)指黑奴天生的膚色,也是他們的烙印(sign)
[3] 猩紅(scarlet)有罪孽深重的比喻用法。聖經敘述在辯論後這罪可洗滌:「耶和華說,你們來,我們彼此辯論。你們的罪雖像硃紅(scarlet),必變成雪白。雖紅如丹顏,必白如羊毛(以賽亞書 1:18)。」這裡的「辯論」可視為國會的辯論。

[5] 目光(vison)有願景的解釋,解放黑奴是某些人的目光與願景,但被其對立者否定。
[6] 撤銷(repeal)指廢奴法案撤銷了美國1850年的《逃亡奴隸法》(Fugitive Slave Act),其中要求被捕的逃亡奴隸必須送回其原主人。
[7] 稱號確立(titled confirmed)指黑奴之名已牢固難以動搖。
[8] 錯亂(delirious)有精神錯亂、錯覺與狂熱的解釋。解放奴隸的宣言或法律沒有真正解放黑奴,只是個錯亂的豁免。
[9] 原屬於黑奴的美好漫長歲月已偷偷溜走。

這首詩允許另一種讀法,艾蜜莉的隱居如《艾蜜莉的謎語》中所描述,並非完全自願的行為,她到受清教徒環境的壓迫可類比於黑奴。白人(white)有無情、冷酷、無知與純潔的用法……

歷史紀錄

The Emancipation Proclamation of Mr. Lincoln excites more laughter than alarm among us. A strange fallacy these Northern Abolitionists have that our slaves are our enemies, who wish to be free, even at the cost of cutting our throats! On the contrary, they are our very best friends, and have proved their attachment in the day of need by taking unusual care of the crops, and of our defenceless women and children. ― President Lincoln and the Negroes, Fraser's Magazine (1862)


Mine – by the Right of
the White Election!
Mine – by the Royal Seal!
Mine – by the sign in
the Scarlet prison –
*Bars – cannot conceal! [*Bolts]

Mine – here – in Vision – and
in Veto!
Mine – by the Grave's Repeal –
Titled – Confirmed –
*Delirious Charter! [Good affidavit – ]
Mine – *long as Ages steal! [*while]